OCN 201 Third Readings Discussion Questions

Water and Seawater

Segar - Chapter 6 and Chapter 7

Atoms and Electrons (p. 133)

1. Give the relative charges for electrons, neutrons, and protons. (Also see fig. 6.2)

2. Explain why most atoms are electrically neutral. (Also see fig. 6.2)

Chemical Bonds between Atoms

3. Define ion. (Also see fig. 6.3 and p. 9G)

4. Contrast ionic bonds and covalent bonds. (Also see figs. 6.1, 6.2, and 6.3, and pp. 4G and 9G)

Van der Waals Force and the Hydrogen Bond

5. Define hydrogen bond. (Also see figs. 6.2, 6.3, and 7.4 (p. 155) , and p. 8G)

6. Is water an ion?

7. Which end of a water molecule is positive and which end is negative? (Also see figs. 6.2 and 6.3)

8. Explain why the water molecule is called a polar molecule.

9. Give the relative strengths of H-bonds, ionic bonds, and covalent bonds. (Also see table 6.3)

10. What is required to break bonds?

11. Describe the shape of a water molecule. (See fig. 6.2b)

6.3 The Dissolving Power of Water

12. Explain why water is the best natural solvent.

13. Define hydration. (Also see fig. 6.3 and p. 8G)

14. Explain why water is essential to life on Earth.

Heat Energy and Phase Changes (p. 150)

15. List the three states of matter.

16. List the relative amounts of bonding in a solid, a liquid, and a gas. (Also see fig. 7.2a)

Freezing and Boiling Points

17. Explain how Earth would be different if water molecules did not form H-bonds.

Heat Capacity and Latent Heat

18. Define heat capacity. (Also see p. 8G and table 6.2 on p. 134)

19. Define latent heat of fusion. (Also see p. 9G and table 6.2 on p. 134)

20. Define latent heat of vaporization. (Also see p. 9G and table 6.2 on p. 134)

21. Define sensible heat. (Also see fig. 7.2 and p. 14G)

22. Give the heat capacity of ice. (Also see fig. 7.2b and 7.2c)

23. Give the latent heat of fusion for H₂O. (Also see fig. 7.2b and 7.2c)

24. What happens to the energy added to ice as it melts? Note that the added energy does not increase the temperature - sensible energy. (Also see fig. 7.2b)

25. Give the freezing and boiling points (temperatures) for water. (Also see fig. 7.2b and 7.2c)

26. Give the latent heat of vaporization for H₂O. (Also see fig. 7.2b and 7.2c)

27. Give the heat capacity of water. (Also see fig. 7.2c)

28. Give the heat capacity of water vapor. (Also see fig. 7.2b and 7.2c)

Implications of the High Heat Capacity and Latent Heats of Water

29. Explain why coastal regions experience milder climates than inland regions.

30. A critical thinking question: Explain how the ocean moderates Earth's climate.