1. Give the density of pure water in g/cm3.
2. List the three factors that determine water density.
3. Describe the relationship between water temperature and density.
4. Explain the concept of thermal contraction. (Also see p. 533)
5. Explain why the density of pure water decreases with decreasing temperature below 4oC. (Also see fig. 5.12)
6. Explain why ice is less dense than water. (Also see figs. 5.12 and 5.14)
7. Explain why most seawater does not freeze.
8. Give the freezing temperature for average seawater. (Also see table 5.2)
9. Give the primary transportation mechanism that carries dissolved matter to the ocean. (Also see fig. 5.18)
10. Use table 5.4 to list the three constituents with the highest concentrations in stream water compared to those in seawater.
11. Define residence time. (Also see p. 530)
12. Explain why seawater salinity is distinctly difference from the stream water chemistry.
13. Use the steady-state concept to explain why seawater salinity does not increase with time.
14. Use fig. 5.19 to list the major seawater salinity fluxes.
15. Give the rate at which the entire volume of the ocean is recycled through the MOR's hydrothermal vent system.
16. Use plate tectonic theory to explain why the chemicals in marine sediments are recycled back to continental rocks. (Also see fig. 5.19)
17. Define acid and base (alkaline). (Also see p. 517)
18. Explain why water is both an acid and a base. (See the formula)
19. Describe the pH scale. (Also seefi. 5.20 and p. 529)
20. Contrast the acidity of waters with pH 5 and pH 6.
21. Give the pH range of ocean surface water.
22. Give the formula for carbonic acid formation in water.
23. Explain how carbonate buffering keeps seawater slightly alkaline. (Also see fig. 5.21)
24. Explain how humans are increasing seawater's acidity.
25. Explain why deep-ocean water is more acidic than surface water.